What Does A Typical Service Of Judaism Look Like

Firm of worship in Judaism or Samaritanism

A synagogue,^[a] likewise called a shul ^[b] or temple,^[c] is a Jewish firm of worship. The term "synagogue" is also occasionally used to draw a Samaritan house of worship. Synagogues have a place for prayer (the main sanctuary) and may besides have rooms for study, a social hall, offices, and classrooms.

Synagogues are consecrated spaces used for the purpose of Jewish prayer, study, assembly, and reading of the Tanakh (the entire Hebrew Bible, including the Torah). Notwithstanding, a synagogue is non necessary for Jewish worship. Halakha (Jewish constabulary) states that communal Jewish worship can be carried out wherever a minyan (a group of at to the lowest degree 10 Jewish adults) is assembled. Worship tin can also happen alone or with fewer than x people, but halakha considers some prayers as solely communal, and these can therefore be recited just past a minyan. In terms of its specific ritual and liturgical functions, the synagogue does non replace the long-destroyed Temple in Jerusalem.

Terminology [edit]

Israelis use the Hebrew term beyt knesset "firm of assembly". Ashkenazi Jews have traditionally used the Yiddish term shul (cognate with the German Schule , 'school') in everyday speech. Sephardi Jews and Romaniote Jews generally use the term kal (from the Hebrew ḳahal, pregnant "community"). Spanish Jews call the synagogue an esnoga and Portuguese Jews call it a sinagoga . Western farsi Jews and some Karaite Jews as well use the term kenesa, which is derived from Aramaic, and some Mizrahi Jews apply kenis or qnis. Some Reform and Reconstructionist Jews use the word temple. The Greek word synagogue is used in English to cover the preceding possibilities.^[2]

Origins [edit]

Although synagogues existed a long time before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, communal worship in the time while the Temple still stood focussed mostly on korbanot ("sacrificial offerings") brought past the kohanim ("priests") in the Temple in Jerusalem. The all-day Yom Kippur service, in fact, was an event in which the congregation both observed the movements of the kohen gadol ("loftier priest") as he offered the day'south sacrifices and prayed for his success.

Co-ordinate to Jewish tradition, the men of the Great Assembly (around 5th century BCE) formalized and standardized the linguistic communication of the Jewish prayers.^[three] Prior to that people prayed as they saw fit, with each individual praying in his or her own mode, and at that place were no standard prayers that were recited.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Johanan ben Zakai, one of the leaders at the end of the Second Temple era, promulgated the idea of creating individual houses of worship in whatever locale Jews found themselves. This contributed to the continuity of the Jewish people by maintaining a unique identity and a portable way of worship despite the destruction of the Temple, according to many historians.^{[ citation needed ]}

Synagogues in the sense of purpose-built spaces for worship, or rooms originally constructed for some other purpose simply reserved for formal, communal prayer, however, existed long earlier the destruction of the Second Temple.^{[4] [ unreliable source? ]} The earliest archaeological evidence for the beingness of very early synagogues comes from Egypt, where rock synagogue dedication inscriptions dating from the 3rd century BCE show that synagogues existed past that date.^{[5] [ unreliable source? ]} More than than a dozen Jewish (and possibly Samaritan) Second Temple era synagogues accept been identified past archaeologists in State of israel and other countries belonging to the Hellenistic world.^[four]

Whatsoever Jew or group of Jews can build a synagogue. Synagogues accept been constructed past ancient Jewish kings, by wealthy patrons, as part of a broad range of homo institutions including secular educational institutions, governments, and hotels, past the entire community of Jews living in a item identify, or by sub-groups of Jews arrayed co-ordinate to occupation, ethnicity (i.e. the Sephardic, Polish or Western farsi Jews of a town), mode of religious observance (i.eastward., a Reform or an Orthodox synagogue), or by the followers of a detail rabbi.

It has been theorized that the synagogue became a place of worship in the region upon the destruction of the 2d Temple during the First Jewish–Roman War; all the same, others speculate that there had been places of prayer, autonomously from the Temple, during the Hellenistic menses. The popularization of prayer over sacrifice during the years prior to the devastation of the Second Temple in 70 CE^[vi] had prepared the Jews for life in the diaspora, where prayer would serve as the focus of Jewish worship.^[7]

Despite the possibility^{[ dubious – discuss ]} of synagogue-like spaces prior to the Kickoff Jewish–Roman State of war, the synagogue emerged as a stronghold for Jewish worship upon the devastation of the Temple. For Jews living in the wake of the Defection, the synagogue functioned equally a "portable system of worship". Within the synagogue, Jews worshiped by way of prayer rather than sacrifices, which had previously served as the master course of worship within the Second Temple.^[eight]

Second Temple [edit]

In 1995, Howard Clark Kee argued that synagogues were not a developed feature of Jewish life prior to the Roman-Jewish War of lxx CE.^[9] Kee interpreted his findings equally testify that the mentions of synagogues in the New Attestation, including Jesus's visitations of synagogues in various Jewish settlements in Israel, were anachronistic. Yet, by 2018, Mordechai Aviam reported that there were at present at to the lowest degree nine synagogues excavated known to pre-date the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in Ad 70, including in Magdala, Gamla, Masada, Herodium, Modi'in (Kh. Umm el-'Umdan), Qiryat Sepher (Kh. Bad 'Issa), and Kh. Diab. Aviam concluded that he idea almost every Jewish settlement at the fourth dimension, whether it was a polis or a hamlet, had a synagogue.^[10]

• Gamla - a synagogue was discovered about the city gate at Gamla, a site in the Golan northeast of the Sea of Galilee.^[11] This city was destroyed by the Roman army in 67 CE and was never rebuilt.
• Masada - a synagogue was discovered on the western side of Masada, just south of the palace complex at the northern cease of the site. One of the unique finds at this synagogue was a group of xiv scrolls, which included biblical, sectarian, and apocryphal documents.^[12]
• Herodium - a synagogue from the 1st century was discovered in Herod'south palace fortress at Herodium.^[13]
• Magdala - as well known as the Migdal Synagogue, this synagogue was discovered in 2009. 1 of the unique features of this synagogue, which is located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, is an intricately carved stone block that was found in the eye of the master room.^[14]
• Modi'in - Discovered between Modi'in and Latrun is the oldest synagogue within mod Israel that has been found to date, built during the 2d century BCE. It includes iii rooms and a nearby mikve.^[xv]

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  Beginning century synagogue at Gamla

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  First century synagogue at Masada

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  Starting time century synagogue at Magdala

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  First century synagogue at Herodium

Centre Ages [edit]

Rabbi and philosopher, Maimonides (1138–1204), described the diverse customs in his twenty-four hours with respect to local synagogues:

Synagogues and houses of study must be treated with respect. They are swept and sprinkled [with water] to lay the dust. In Spain and the Maghreb, in Babylonia and in the Holy State, information technology is customary to kindle lamps in the synagogues and to spread mats on the floor upon which the worshippers sit down. In the lands of Edom (Christendom), they sit down in synagogues upon chairs [or benches].^[16]

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Samaritan synagogues [edit]

Interior of the Samaritan synagogue in Nablus circa 1920

Name and history [edit]

The Samaritan business firm of worship is too called a synagogue.^[17] During the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, during the Hellenistic period, the Greek give-and-take used in the Diaspora by Samaritans and Jews was the same: proseucheμ (literally, a place of prayer); a later on, 3rd or 4th century CE inscription, uses a similar Greek term: eukteμrion (prayer house).^[17] The oldest Samaritan synagogue discovered and so far is from Delos in the Aegean Islands, with an inscription dated between 250 and 175 BCE, while most Samaritan synagogues excavated in the wider State of State of israel and aboriginal Samaria in particular, were congenital during the 4th-7th centuries, at the very end of the Roman and throughout the Byzantine period.^[17]

Distinguishing elements [edit]

The elements which distinguish Samaritan synagogues from gimmicky Jewish ones are:

• Alphabet: the use of the Samaritan script^[17]
• Orthography. When the Samaritan script is used, there are some Hebrew words which would be spelled in a way typical only for the Samaritan Pentateuch, for example "forever" is written 'lmw instead of l'lm.^[17] When Greek is the language used in inscriptions, typically, Samaritans may contract two Hebrew words into one, such har (mountain) and Gerizim becoming, in Greek, Argarizein.^[17]
• Orientation: the façade, or entrance of the Samaritan synagogue, is typically facing towards Mount Gerizim, which is the most holy site to Samaritans, while Jewish synagogues would be oriented towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.^[17]
• Decoration: the mosaic floor and other architectural elements or artifacts are sometimes decorated with typical symbols.^[17] Equally the Samaritans have historically adhered more strictly to the commandment forbidding the creation of any "graven image", they would non use any depictions of man or creature.^[17] Representations of the signs of the zodiac, of man figures or even Greek deities such as the god Helios, as seen in Byzantine-menstruum Jewish synagogues, would be unimaginable in Samaritan buildings of any period.^[17]

A representation of Mountain Gerizim is a clear indication of Samaritan identity.^[17] On the other manus, although the beingness of a Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim is both mentioned by Josephus and confirmed past archaeological excavation at its peak, the temple'due south early devastation in the second century BCE led to its retentiveness disappearing from Samaritan tradition, and so that no temple-related items would exist found in Samaritan synagogue depictions.^[17] Religious implements, such every bit are also known from ancient Jewish synagogue mosaics (menorah, shofar, shewbread table, trumpets, incense shovels, and specifically the façade of what looks like a temple or a Torah shrine) are as well present in Samaritan ones, but the objects are always related to the desert Tabernacle, the Ark of the Covenant within the Tabernacle, or the Torah shrine in the synagogue itself.^[17] Samaritans believe that at the stop of time the Tabernacle and its utensils will be recovered from the place they were buried on Mount Gerizim and equally such play an important role in Samaritan behavior.^[17] Since the same artists, such as mosaicists, worked for all ethno-religious communities of the time, some depictions might exist identical in Samaritan and Jewish synagogues, Christian churches and pagan temples, but their significance would differ.^[17]

Missing from Samaritan synagogue floors would exist images often establish in Jewish ones: the lulav (palm-co-operative) and etrog (lemon-like fruit) have a different ritual use past Samaritans celebrating Sukkot, and practise not announced on mosaic floors.^[17]

• Ritual baths near the synagogue subsequently lxx CE: Jews abandoned the habit of edifice mikva'ot next to their houses of worship afterwards the lxx CE destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, only Samaritans continued with the practice.^[17]

Archaeological finds [edit]

Ancient Samaritan synagogues are mentioned past literary sources or have been found past archaeologists in the Diaspora, in the wider Holy Land, and specifically in Samaria.^[17]

Diaspora [edit]

• Delos Synagogue: a Samaritan inscription has been dated to between 250 and 175 BCE.^[17]
• Rome and Tarsus: aboriginal literature offers hints that Samaritan synagogues may have existed in these cities between the quaternary and sixth centuries CE.^[17]
• Thessaloniki and Syracuse: brusk inscriptions constitute there and using the Samaritan and Greek alphabet may originate from Samaritan synagogues.^[17]

The wider Holy Country [edit]

• Sha'alvim synagogue, discovered in Judea, northwest of Jerusalem. Probably built in the 4th or 5th century CE and destroyed in the 5th or 6th.^[17]
• Tell Qasile synagogue, built at the commencement of the 7th century CE^[17]
• Beth Shean, "Synagogue A". A room added to an existing edifice in the tardily sixth or early seventh century CE served every bit a Samaritan synagogue.^[17]

Samaria [edit]

• El-Khirbe synagogue, discovered c. iii km from Sebaste, was congenital in the quaternary century CE and remained in utilize into the Early Islamic period, with a pause during the tardily fifth–early sixth century^[17]
• Khirbet Samara synagogue, c. 20 km northwest of Nablus and built in the quaternary century CE^[17]
• Zur Natan synagogue, c. 29 km west of Nablus and congenital in the fifth century CE^[17]

Christianity [edit]

In the New Testament, the give-and-take appears 56 times, more often than not in the Synoptic Gospels, simply also in the Gospel of John (John 9:22; eighteen:20) and the Book of Revelation (Rev. 2:9; iii:9). It is used in the sense of 'associates' in the Epistle of James (James 2:2). Alternatively, the epistle of James (in Greek, clearly Ἰάκωβος or יעקב, anglicized to Jacob) refers to a place of assembly that was indeed Jewish, with Jacob ben Joseph mayhap an elderberry there. The specific word in James (Jacob) 2:2 could easily be rendered "synagogue," from the Greek συναγωγὴν.

During the first Christian centuries, Jewish Christian are hypothesized to have used houses of worship known in bookish literature as synagogue-churches. Scholars take claimed to have identified such houses of worship of the Jews who had accepted Jesus every bit the Messiah in Jerusalem^[18] and Nazareth.^{[19] [20]}

Architectural design [edit]

There is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary profoundly. In fact, the influence from other local religious buildings tin can ofttimes be seen in synagogue arches, domes and towers.

Historically, synagogues were built in the prevailing architectural manner of their fourth dimension and place. Thus, the synagogue in Kaifeng, Red china looked very similar Chinese temples of that region and era, with its outer wall and open garden in which several buildings were arranged. The styles of the earliest synagogues resembled the temples of other cults of the Eastern Roman Empire. The surviving synagogues of medieval Kingdom of spain are embellished with mudéjar plasterwork. The surviving medieval synagogues in Budapest and Prague are typical Gothic structures.

With the emancipation of Jews in Western European countries, which not but enabled Jews to enter fields of enterprise from which they were formerly barred, merely gave them the correct to build synagogues without needing special permissions, synagogue compages blossomed. Big Jewish communities wished to show not only their wealth but as well their newly acquired status as citizens by constructing magnificent synagogues. These were built across Western Europe and in the United States in all of the historicist or revival styles then in fashion. Thus in that location were Neoclassical, Neo-Byzantine, Romanesque Revival, Moorish Revival, Gothic Revival, and Greek Revival. There are Egyptian Revival synagogues and fifty-fifty 1 Mayan Revival synagogue. In the 19th century and early 20th century heyday of historicist compages, however, well-nigh historicist synagogues, fifty-fifty the virtually magnificent ones, did not attempt a pure style, or fifty-fifty whatsoever particular style, and are all-time described every bit eclectic.

In the postal service-war era, synagogue compages abandoned historicist styles for modernism.

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Interior elements [edit]

Bimah (platform) [edit]

All synagogues contain a Bimah, a large, raised, reader's platform (chosen teḇah (reading belvedere) by Sephardim), where the Torah curl is placed to be read. In Sephardi synagogues it is also used as the prayer leader's reading desk.^[21] This is as well so in the Ashkenazi United Synagogue in England, Britain, who adopted some of the Sephardi customs.

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Table or lectern [edit]

In Ashkenazi synagogues, the Torah was read on a reader'southward table located in the center of the room, while the leader of the prayer service, the hazzan, stood at his own lectern or table, facing the Ark. In Sephardic synagogues, the table for reading the Torah (reading dais) was usually placed at the opposite side of the room from the Torah Ark, leaving the center of the flooring empty for the use of a ceremonial procession carrying the Torah between the Ark and the reading tabular array.^[22] Most contemporary synagogues characteristic a lectern for the rabbi.^[23]

Torah Ark [edit]

The Torah Ark, called in Hebrew ארון קודש‎ Aron Kodesh or 'holy chest', and alternatively chosen the heikhal—היכל‎ or 'temple' by Sephardic Jews, is a cabinet in which the Torah scrolls are kept.

The ark in a synagogue is nearly e'er positioned in such a way such that those who confront it are facing towards Jerusalem. Thus, sanctuary seating plans in the Western world generally face east, while those east of Israel face up west. Sanctuaries in Israel face towards Jerusalem. Occasionally synagogues face other directions for structural reasons; in such cases, some individuals might plough to face Jerusalem when continuing for prayers, but the congregation as a whole does not.

The Ark is reminiscent of the Ark of the Covenant, which held the tablets inscribed with the X Commandments. This is the holiest spot in a synagogue, equivalent to the Holy of Holies. The Ark is often airtight with an ornate drapery, the parochet פרוכת‎, which hangs exterior or within the ark doors.

Eternal Calorie-free [edit]

Other traditional features include a continually lit lamp or lantern, usually electric in contemporary synagogues, called the ner tamid (נר תמיד‎), the "Eternal Lite", used as a fashion to honor the Divine Presence.^[24]

Inner decoration [edit]

Sarajevo Synagogue, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1902)

A synagogue may exist decorated with artwork, just in the Rabbinic and Orthodox tradition, three-dimensional sculptures and depictions of the human body are not immune equally these are considered akin to idolatry.^[25]

Seating [edit]

Originally, synagogues were fabricated devoid of much article of furniture, the Jewish congregants in Kingdom of spain, the Maghreb (North Africa), Babylonia, the State of Israel and Yemen having a custom to sit upon the flooring, which had been strewn with mats and cushions, rather than upon chairs or benches. In other European towns and cities, however, Jewish congregants would sit upon chairs and benches.^[26] Today, the custom has spread in all places to sit upon chairs and benches.^{[ citation needed ]}

Until the 19th century, in an Ashkenazi synagogue, all seats most often faced the Torah Ark. In a Sephardic synagogue, seats were normally arranged around the perimeter of the sanctuary, but when the worshipers stood upwardly to pray, everyone faced the Ark.^{[ citation needed ]}

Special seats [edit]

Many current synagogues have an elaborate chair named for the prophet Elijah, which is only sat upon during the anniversary of Brit milah.^[27]

In ancient synagogues, a special chair placed on the wall facing Jerusalem and next to the Torah Shrine was reserved for the prominent members of the congregation and for important guests.^[28] Such a rock-carved and inscribed seat was discovered at archaeological excavations in the synagogue at Chorazin in Galilee and dates from the 4th–6th century;^[29] some other one was discovered at the Delos Synagogue, complete with a footstool.

Rules for attendees [edit]

Removing 1's shoes [edit]

In Yemen, the Jewish custom was to remove 1's shoes immediately prior to entering the synagogue, a custom that had been observed past Jews in other places in earlier times.^[xxx] The same do of removing 1's shoes before entering the synagogue was also largely observed amongst Jews in Morocco in the early on 20th-century. On the isle of Djerba in Tunisia, Jews still remove their shoes when entering a synagogue. The custom of removing ane'south shoes is no longer practiced in Israel, the Great britain, or the U.s.a..^{[ citation needed ]} Yet in Karaite Judaism, the custom of removing 1'due south shoes prior to entering a synagogue is nevertheless observed worldwide.^[31]

Gender separation [edit]

In Orthodox synagogues, men and women do non sit together. The synagogue features a sectionalisation ( mechitza ) dividing the men's and women's seating areas, or a separate women's department located on a balcony.^[32]

Denominational differences [edit]

Reform Judaism [edit]

The German–Jewish Reform motility, which arose in the early 19th century, made many changes to the traditional look of the synagogue, keeping with its desire to simultaneously stay Jewish yet be accepted by the surrounding culture.

The first Reform synagogue, which opened in Hamburg in 1811, introduced changes that fabricated the synagogue look more like a church. These included: the installation of an organ to accompany the prayers (even on Shabbat, when musical instruments are proscribed by halakha), a choir to accompany the hazzan, and vestments for the synagogue rabbi to wearable.^[33]

In post-obit decades, the central reader's table, the Bimah, was moved to the front end of the Reform sanctuary—previously unheard-of in Orthodox synagogues.^[34]

Gender separation was besides removed.^{[ commendation needed ]}

[edit]

Synagogues often have on a broader role in modern Jewish communities and may include additional facilities such as a catering hall, kosher kitchen, religious school, library, day care middle and a smaller chapel for daily services.

Synagogue offshoots [edit]

Since many Orthodox and some non-Orthodox Jews prefer to collect a minyan (a quorum of ten) rather than pray alone, they commonly assemble at pre-arranged times in offices, living rooms, or other spaces when these are more than user-friendly than formal synagogue buildings. A room or building that is used this way can get a dedicated small synagogue or prayer room. Amidst Ashkenazi Jews they are traditionally called shtiebel ( שטיבל , pl. shtiebelekh or shtiebels , Yiddish for "little house"), and are constitute in Orthodox communities worldwide.

Some other type of communal prayer group, favored by some contemporary Jews, is the chavurah ( חבורה , pl. chavurot, חבורות ), or prayer fellowship. These groups meet at a regular identify and time, either in a private dwelling or in a synagogue or other institutional space. In artifact, the Pharisees lived near each other in chavurot and dined together to ensure that none of the food was unfit for consumption.^[35]

List of "dandy synagogues" [edit]

Some synagogues behave the title "cracking synagogue".^{[ dubious – hash out ]}

Israel [edit]

• The Belz Swell Synagogue, Jerusalem
• The Groovy Synagogue of Jerusalem

Europe [edit]

Russian federation, Ukraine and Belarus [edit]

• The Choral Synagogue of Moscow
• The One thousand Choral Synagogue of St. Petersburg
• The Kharkiv Choral Synagogue
• The Swell Choral Synagogue (Kyiv), Ukraine

Poland [edit]

• The Peachy Synagogues of Warsaw and Łódź, destroyed by Nazis during Globe State of war II.
• The Great Synagogue of Włodawa

Czech Republic [edit]

• The Great Synagogue of Plzeň

Hungary [edit]

• The Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest, Republic of hungary
• The Synagogue of Szeged^[36]

Austria [edit]

• The Leopoldstädter Tempel of Vienna, destroyed during the "Kristallnacht" pogrom. Served equally model for many other of import synagogues.

Deutschland [edit]

• The New Synagogue of Berlin

Netherlands [edit]

• The Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam

Scandinavia [edit]

• The Great Synagogue of Stockholm

France and Belgium [edit]

• The Grand Synagogue of Paris
• The Smashing Synagogue of Brussels (besides known every bit the Great Synagogue of Europe)

Italian republic [edit]

• The Great Synagogue of Florence
• The Great Synagogue of Rome
• The Synagogue of Trieste

Romania [edit]

• The Cetate Synagogue of Timișoara,
• The Fabric Synagogue of Timișoara, Romania
• The Choral Temple of Bucharest

Serbia [edit]

• The Synagogue of Novi Sad
• The Synagogue of Subotica

Bosnia and Herzegovina [edit]

• The Synagogue of Sarajevo

Bulgaria [edit]

• The Synagogue of Sofia

Turkey (European part) [edit]

• The M Synagogue of Edirne

Britain [edit]

• The Corking Synagogue of London, destroyed by aerial bombing in the London Blitz in 1941

Tunisia [edit]

• The Smashing Synagogue of Tunis
• The El Ghriba synagogue of Djerba

Australia [edit]

• The Groovy Synagogue of Sydney

Earth'south largest synagogues [edit]

Israel [edit]

• The largest synagogue in the world is the Dandy Beth Midrash Gur, in Jerusalem, Israel, whose principal sanctuary seats upwards to 20,000, and has an surface area of approximately 7,500 k^two (81,000 sq ft), while the entire complex has an surface area of approximately 35,000 m² (380,000 sq ft). Structure on the edifice took more than 25 years.^[37]
• Kehilat Kol HaNeshama, a Reform synagogue located in Baka, Jerusalem, is the largest Reform (and largest not-Orthodox) Jewish synagogue in State of israel.^[38]

Europe [edit]

• The Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest, Republic of hungary, is the largest synagogue in Europe by foursquare footage and number of seats. Information technology seats iii,000, and has an area of 1,200 thou² (13,000 sq ft) and height of 26 m (85 ft) (apart from the towers, which are 43 thousand or 141 ft).^[39]
• The Synagogue of Trieste is the largest synagogue in Western Europe.
• The Bang-up Synagogue of Rome is one of the greatest in Europe.
• The Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam, likewise called "Esnoga", was congenital in 1675. At that time information technology was the largest synagogue in the earth. Autonomously from the buildings surrounding the synagogue, it has an surface area of 1,008 m^two (10,850 sq ft), is 19.5 meters (64 ft) high. Information technology was congenital to conform 1227 men and 440 women.^[40]
• Szeged Synagogue is located in Szeged, Republic of hungary, seats one,340 and has elevation of 48.v k (159 ft).
• The Sofia Synagogue is located in Sofia, Bulgaria, seating about 1,200.
• The Subotica Synagogue is located in Subotica, Serbia, seating more than 900.
• Nifty Synagogue (Plzeň) in the Czech republic is the 2nd-largest synagogue in Europe, and the third-largest in the world.

N America [edit]

• Businesswoman Hirsch Synagogue, an Orthodox synagogue in Memphis, Tennessee, was the largest in the Usa at the time of its dedication in 1957, seating 2,200 worshippers with an additional accommodation for 1,000 in its chief sanctuary.^[41] The synagogue moved in 1988, merely the building remains in use as a church building.
• The Satmar synagogue in Kiryas Joel, New York, which is said to seat "several thousand", is too very large.^[42]
• Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Rodney Street, Brooklyn) is likewise said to seat "several thousand".
• Temple Emanu-El of New York, a Reform Temple, is located in New York City, with an area of 3,523 m² (37,920 sq ft), seating two,500. Information technology is the largest Reform synagogue in the world.
• Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Hooper Street, Brooklyn) seats between ii,000 and 4,000 congregants.
• The main sanctuary of Adas Israel Congregation (Washington, D.C.) seats 1,500.
• Temple Emanu-El (Miami Embankment, Florida) located in Miami Beach, Florida, seats approximately i,400 people.
• Congregation Shaare Zion, an Orthodox Sephardic synagogue located in Brooklyn, New York, is the largest Syrian Jewish congregation in New York City. It is attended past over one,000 worshipers on weekends.
• Beth Tzedec Congregation in Toronto, Ontario, is the largest Conservative synagogue in North America.
• Temple Israel, a Reform synagogue in Memphis, Tennessee seats 1,335 to 1,500 people in its master sanctuary. The massive synagogue complex contains over 125,000 sq ft (11,613 m²) on 30 acres.

World's oldest synagogues [edit]

• The oldest synagogue fragments are stone-carved synagogue dedication inscriptions found in Middle and Lower Egypt and dating from the third century BCE.^[5]
• The oldest Samaritan synagogue, the Delos Synagogue, dates from betwixt 150 and 128 BCE, or earlier and is located on the island of Delos.^{[43] [ unreliable source? ]}
• The synagogue of Dura Europos, a Seleucid city in due north eastern Syria, dates from the third century CE. It is unique. The walls were painted with figural scenes from the Old Testament. The paintings included Abraham and Isaac, Moses and Aaron, Solomon, Samuel and Jacob, Elijah and Ezekiel. The synagogue chamber, with its surviving paintings, is reconstructed in the National Museum in Damascus.
• The Old Synagogue in Erfurt, Frg, parts of which date to c.1100, is the oldest intact synagogue building in Europe. It is now used equally a museum of local Jewish history.
• The Kochangadi Synagogue (1344 A.D. to 1789 A.D.) in Kochi in the Kerala, built past the Malabar Jews. It was destroyed by Tipu Sultan in 1789 A.D. and was never rebuilt. An inscription tablet from this synagogue is the oldest relic from whatever synagogue in India. Eight other synagogues be in Kerala though not in agile use anymore.

• The Paradesi Synagogue is the oldest active synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations, located in Kochi, Kerala, in India. It was built in 1568 past Paradesi community in the Kingdom of Cochin. Paradesi is a word used in several Indian languages, and the literal pregnant of the term is "foreigners", applied to the synagogue because it was historically used past "White Jews", a mixture of Jews of the Heart East, and European exiles. It is also referred to as the Cochin Jewish Synagogue or the Mattancherry Synagogue. The synagogue is located in the quarter of Old Cochin known as Jew Boondocks and is the only 1 of the 8 synagogues in the area notwithstanding in apply.
• Jew's Court, Steep Loma, Lincoln, England, is arguably the oldest synagogue in Europe in electric current utilize.

Oldest synagogues in the United States [edit]

• Congregation Shearith Israel, in New York City, founded in 1654, is the oldest congregation in the United States. Its present edifice dates from 1897.
• The Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Isle, is the oldest Jewish house of worship in North America that is withal standing. It was congenital in 1759 for the Jeshuat Israel congregation, which was established in 1658.

Other famous synagogues [edit]

• The Worms Synagogue in Deutschland, congenital in 1175 and razed on Kristallnacht in 1938, was painstakingly reconstructed using many of the original stones. It is even so in use as a synagogue.
• The Synagogue of El Transito of Toledo, Espana, was congenital in 1356 by Samuel ha-Levi, treasurer of King Pedro I of Castile. This is one of the best examples of Mudéjar architecture in Kingdom of spain. The design of the synagogue recalls the Nasrid way of architecture that was employed during the same period in the decorations of the palace of the Alhambra in Granada as well as the Mosque of Córdoba. Since 1964, this site has hosted a Sephardi museum.
• The Hurva Synagogue, located in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, was Jerusalem's primary Ashkenazi synagogue from the 16th century until 1948, when information technology was destroyed by the Arab Legion several days later on the conquest of the city. After the Vi-Twenty-four hour period War, an arch was built to marking the spot where the synagogue stood. A complete reconstruction, to plans fatigued up by architect Nahum Meltzer, opened in March 2010.
• The Abdallah Ibn Salam Mosque or Oran, Algeria, built in 1880, but converted into a mosque in 1975 when most Algerian Jews had left the state for French republic post-obit independence.
• The Nidhe Israel Synagogue ("Bridgetown Synagogue") of Barbados, located in the majuscule city of Bridgetown, was first built in 1654. It was destroyed in the hurricane of 1831 and reconstructed in 1833.^[44]
• The Curaçao synagogue or Snoa in Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles was built by Sephardic Portuguese Jews from Amsterdam and Recife, Brazil. It is modeled afterwards the Esnoga in Amsterdam. Congregation Mikvé Israel built this synagogue in 1692; it was reconstructed in 1732.
• The Bialystoker Synagogue on New York's Lower East Side, is located in a landmark building dating from 1826 that was originally a Methodist Episcopal Church building. The edifice is made of quarry stone mined locally on Pitt Street, Manhattan. Information technology is an example of federal architecture. The ceilings and walls are paw-painted with zodiac frescos, and the sanctuary is illuminated by 40-foot (12.19 m) stained glass windows. The bimah and flooring-to-ceiling ark are handcarved.
• The Great Synagogue of Florence, Tempio Maggiore, Florence, 1874–82, is an case of the magnificent, cathedral-like synagogues built in almost every major European city in the 19th century and early 20th century.
• Boston's 1920 Vilna Shul is a rare surviving intact Immigrant Era synagogue.^[45]
• The Congregation Or Hatzafon "Light of the North", Fairbanks, Alaska, is the world's northernmost synagogue building.^[46]
• The Görlitz Synagogue in Görlitz, Germany was built in Jugendstil way between 1909 and 1911. Damaged, but not destroyed, during the Kristallnacht riots, the synagogue was bought past the City Council in 1963. After extensive renovations concluding in late 2020, the main sanctuary (Kuppelsaal with 310 seats) will exist reopened for general culture, and the pocket-sized synagogue (Wochentags-Synagoge, with space for around 45 visitors)

Image gallery [edit]

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  The Hurva Synagogue towered over the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem from 1864 until 1948, when information technology was destroyed in war

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  The remains of the Hurva Synagogue as they appeared from 1977 to 2003. The synagogue has been rebuilt in 2010.

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  The interior of a Karaite synagogue

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  Székesfehérvár Neolog synagogue, Hungary (1869; photograph: c. 1930s). It no longer exists, however, the memorial plaques were moved to a building at the metropolis's Jewish cemetery.

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See likewise [edit]

• Cracking Synagogue (disambiguation)
• List of synagogues
• List of synagogues in the The states
• Mandi (Mandaeism)
• Place of worship
• Prayer volume
• Rabbi
• Siddur
• Zionist churches
• Synagogue Church building
• Temple

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Pronounced SIN-a-gog. From Ancient Greek συναγωγή, synagogē , 'assembly'; Hebrew: בית כנסת beit knesset , 'business firm of associates', or בית תפילה‎ beit tfila , "house of prayer"; Yiddish: שול shul, Ladino: אשנוגה esnoga , 'bright as fire'; or קהל kahal .
2. ^ Pronounced Shool.
3. ^ This is a fairly modernistic term mostly used by the more liberal and less religious denominations of Judaism, but is withal rare.^[1]

References [edit]

1. ^ "Synagogue | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica".
2. ^ Judaism 101: Synagogues, Shuls and Temples. Jewfaq.org.
3. ^ orah765768 (1 Feb 2016). "The Institution of Prayer by the Men of the Great Associates". Peninei Halakha. Translated by Ote, Atira. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
4. ^ ^{a b} Donald D. Folder. "2nd Temple Synagogues".
5. ^ ^{a b} Donald D. Binder. "Arab republic of egypt".
6. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence (March 1991). From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism (1st ed.). Ktav Pub Inc. p. 159. ISBN0881253723.
7. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence (March 1991). From Text to Tradition: A History of 2nd Temple and Rabbinic Judaism (1st ed.). Ktav Pub Inc. p. 164. ISBN0881253723.
8. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence (March 1991). From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism (1st ed.). Ktav Pub Inc. p. 164. ISBN0881253723.
9. ^ Kee, Howard Clark. "Defining the First-Century CE Synagogue: Problems and Progress." New Testament Studies 41.four (1995): 481-500.
10. ^ Aviʿam, Mordekhai. "Outset-Century Galilee New Discoveries." Early on christianity nine.2 (2018): 219-226.
11. ^ Levine, Lee I. (2000). The aboriginal synagogue : the starting time thousand years. New Haven: Yale University Printing. ISBN0-300-07475-ane. OCLC 40408825.
12. ^ Yadin, Yigael. (1966). Masada : the momentous archaeological discovery revealing the heroic life and struggle of the jewish zealots (1st ed.). New York, NY: Random House. pp. 180–191. ISBN0-394-43542-seven. OCLC 861644287.
13. ^ "Herodium (BiblePlaces.com)". BiblePlaces.com . Retrieved 2020-07-11 .
14. ^ "Aboriginal synagogue found in Israel - CNN.com". www.cnn.com . Retrieved 2020-07-xi .
15. ^ "Modi'in: Where the Maccabees Lived". Biblical Archaeology Society. 2019-09-22. Retrieved 2020-07-xi .
16. ^ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah (Hil. Tefillah Birkat kohanim 11:4)
17. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f g h i j k 50 yard n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa} Pummer, Reinhard (xiii January 2009). "How to Tell a Samaritan Synagogue from a Jewish Synagogue". Biblical Archaeology Review. May/June 1998 (24:03) – via Heart for Online Judaic Studies, cojs.org.
18. ^ Skarsaune, Oskar (2008). In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity. IVP Academic. p. 186. ISBN9780830828449 . Retrieved 1 September 2018. 9780830828449
19. ^ Taylor, Joan Due east. (1993). [c Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins]. Clarendon Press. p. 338. ISBN9780198147855 . Retrieved 1 September 2018.
20. ^ Emmett, Republic of chad Fife (1995). Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth . University of Chicago Geography Inquiry Papers (Book 237). University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN978-0-226-20711-vii . Retrieved 1 September 2018.
21. ^ "Encyclopedia Judaica: The Bimah". JewishVirtualLibrary.org . Retrieved 2019-10-12 .
22. ^ "The Bimah: The Synagogue Platform". www.chabad.org . Retrieved 2019-05-30 .
23. ^ "Synagogue Background & Overview". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2019-05-30 .
24. ^ "Ner Tamid: The Eternal Light." Chabad. 28 Baronial 2018.
25. ^ "Sculpture". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2021-03-01 .
26. ^ Maimonides, Mishne Torah (Hil. Tefillah 11:4), who wrote: "Synagogues and houses of written report must exist treated with respect. They are swept and sprinkled to lay the dust. In Spain and in the Maghreb (N Africa), in Babylon and in the Holy Land, it is customary to kindle lamps in the synagogues and to spread mats on the flooring on which the worshipers sit down. In the land of Edom (i.east. Christian countries) they sit in synagogues upon chairs."
27. ^ Zaklikowski, David. "The Chair of Elijah and Welcoming the Baby". Chabad. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
28. ^ The Interactive Bible, Synagogue Moses' Seat: Metaphor of Pride
29. ^ State of israel Museum, Elaborate seat, Chorazin synagogue
30. ^ Joseph Kafih, Jewish Life in Sanà, Ben-Zvi Institute: Jerusalem 1982, p. 64 (annotation 3) ISBN 965-17-0137-iv. In that location, Rabbi Kafih recalls the following story in the Jerusalem Talmud (Baba Metzi'a two:eight): "Yehudah, the son of Rebbe, entered a synagogue and left his sandals [outside], and they were stolen. He so said, 'Had I not gone to the synagogue, my sandals would non have gone-off.'" The custom of never entering a synagogue while wearing one's shoes is likewise mentioned in the Cairo Geniza manuscripts: "While he is withal outside, let him accept-off his shoes or sandals from his feet and then enter barefoot, since such is the way of servants to walk barefoot before their lords... We accept a minor sanctuary, and we are required to conduct with sanctity and fear [in information technology], as information technology says: And you shall fright my hallowed place." (v. Halakhot Eretz Yisrael min ha-Geniza [The Halacha of the Land of Israel from the Geniza], ed. Mordechai Margaliot, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1973, pp. 131–132; Taylor-Schechter New Series 135, Cambridge University Library / Oxford MS. 2700).
31. ^ "The Jews who take off their shoes for shul". www.thejc.com. November 24, 2016. Retrieved 2022-01-xv . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
32. ^ "Mechitzah: Split Seating in the Synagogue". My Jewish Learning . Retrieved 2020-01-27 .
33. ^ Rabbi Ken Spiro. "Crash Course in Jewish History Function 54 - Reform Motion", Aish.com
34. ^ Yisroel Besser (2018). The Chasam Sofer. Artscroll. p. ten. ISBN978-1-4226-2232-2. a bimah must be in the heart
35. ^ Alan F. Segal, Rebecca'south Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman Globe, Harvard University Press, 1986, 125.
36. ^ 1340 seats, the synagogue is 48 meters long, 35 meters wide, and 48.half dozen meters high.
37. ^ Shaul Kahana (January 9, 2022). "גור קיבלו טופס ארבע - לבית הכנסת הגדול בעולם". Kikar HaShabbat (in Hebrew).
38. ^ Nathan Jeffay (January 12, 2011). "The Eye of Israel's Reform Judaism". The Forward.
39. ^ Kulish, Nicholas (30 December 2007). "Out of Darkness, New Life". The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-03-12 .
40. ^ Snyder, Due south. C. (2008). Acculturation and Particularism in the Modernistic Metropolis: Synagogue Edifice and Jewish Identity in Northern Europe. University of Michigan. ISBN9780549818977 . Retrieved 2014-12-07 .
41. ^ "Orthodox Synagogue to Be Dedicated Nov 28–30." Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct 21, 1957.
42. ^ Rabbi Yitschak Rudomin. "Rebbes, Hasidim, and Authentic Kehillahs". The 2nd World War and Jewish Didactics in America: The Fall and Ascent of Orthodoxy. Jewish Professionals Institute (JPI).
43. ^ Donald D. Binder. "Delos".
44. ^ "Nidhe State of israel Synagogue". planetware.
45. ^ "Vilna Shul".
46. ^ "Congregation Or HaTzafon". mosquitonet.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-twenty. Retrieved 2014-12-07 .

• Levine, Lee (2005) [1999]. The Ancient Synagogue: The Kickoff Thou Years (2nd ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Printing. ISBN0-300-10628-9.
• Young, Penny (2014). Dura Europos: A City for Everyman. Diss, Norfolk, UK: Twopenny Press. ISBN 9780956170347.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Synagogue.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Synagogue

• Jewish Encyclopedia: Synagogue
• Chabad Lubavitch Heart & Synagogue Finder
• Orthodox Union Synagogue Finder
• United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism Synagogue Finder
• Union for Reform Judaism Synagogue Finder
• Reconstructionist Synagogue Finder

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue

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